Top 100 Interesting Facts about Sun

It has a DIAMETER of 1,390,000 km

Equatorial Circumference 4,370,005.6 km

Mass: 1.99 × 10^30 kg (333,060 Earths)

 Its SURFACE temperature is 5,500 ºC. Cooler (3,800 ºC) surface areas are called SUN SPOTS.

If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on the Sun would be 2707 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by 27)

The Sun is what is known as a main sequence star;

The average radius of the Sun is 695,508 km (109.2 x that of the Earth) of which 20–25% is the core.

The Sun (or Sol), is the star at the centre of our solar system and is responsible for the Earth’s climate and weather

The Sun is mostly composed of hydrogen (70%) and Helium (28%).

The Sun is all the colours mixed together, this appears white to our eyes.

Over one million Earth’s could fit inside the Sun.

The Sun is 4.6 billion years old.

The surface area of the Sun is 11,990 times that of Earth.

The Sun has a very strong magnetic field.

The Sun accounts for 99.86% of the mass in the solar system

 It has a mass of around 330,000 times that of Earth.

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.

One day the Sun will consume the Earth.

The Sun is 109 times wider than the Earth and 330,000 times as massive.

Ancient Egyptians had a sun god called Ra while in Aztec mythology there is a sun god named Tonatiuh.

The energy created by the Sun’s core is nuclear fusion.

The Sun is a main-sequence G2V star (or Yellow Dwarf).

The Sun is almost a perfect sphere.

The Sun contains 99.86% of the mass in the Solar System.

The Sun is travelling at 220 km per second.

It takes eight minutes for light reach Earth from the Sun.

7. The ENERGY output of the Sun is about 386 billion megawatts and is produced by NUCLEAR FUSION, using Hydrogen as fuel.

The Sun is halfway through its life.

There are NINE planets orbiting the SUN (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto)

The distance between Earth and Sun changes. This is because the Earth travels on a elliptical orbit path around the Sun.

The Sun rotates in the opposite direction to Earth with the Sun rotating from west to east instead of east to west like Earth.

Earth orbits the Sun 365 days, yes, one year.

The Sun rotates more quickly at its equator than it does close to its poles. This is known as differential rotation.

The Sun rotates every 25-36 earth days.

The Sun has a powerful magnetic field. When magnetic energy is released by the Sun during magnetic storms, solar flares occur which we see on Earth as sunspots.

Temperatures inside the Sun can reach 15 million degrees Celsius.

The Sun’s energy travels outwards.

The Sun generates solar winds.

Helmet streamers are big white regions that extend out from the Sun in which solar plasma are trapped by the magnetic field of the Sun.

The atmosphere of the Sun is composed of three layers: the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona.

The Sun is classified as a yellow dwarf star. It is a main sequence star with surface temperatures between 5,000 and 5,700 degrees celsius (9,000 and 10,300 degrees fahrenheit).

Solar flares from the Sun are sudden bursts of brightness that happen in places near the sunspots.

A total solar eclipse occurs only during a new moon, which is when the moon sits directly between the Earth and the Sun.

The Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis are caused by the interaction of solar winds with Earth’s atmosphere.

Radiations of the Sun are in two forms, electromagnetic (photons) and particle (electrons, protons, alpha particles, etc.) radiation.

In February 1974, Skylab was the first manned spacecraft to study the Sun.

The beautiful symmetry of a total solar eclipse happens because —by pure chance— the sun is 400 times larger than the moon, but is also 400 times farther from Earth, making the two bodies appear the exact same size in the sky.

Solar flares produce bursts of electromagnetic radiation, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and radio waves.

The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC.

The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts, its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center.



Six ten-billionths of the Sun is gold.

The sun is one of more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way.

Every second, the Sun sends to earth 10 times more neutrinos than the number of people on earth.

It orbits some 25,000 light-years from the galactic core, completing a revolution once every 250 million years or so.

The Sun is thought to have completed about 20 orbits during its lifetime and just 1/1250th of an orbit since the origin of humans.

A third of all Russians believe the Sun revolves around the Earth.

The sun is relatively young, part of a generation of stars known as Population I, which are relatively rich in elements heavier than helium.

As passengers on Earth, we are all carried around the sun at a mean velocity of 66,600 mph (107,182 km/h).

Many scientists think the sun and the rest of the solar system formed from a giant, rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula.

Every day, plants convert sunlight into energy equivalent to six times the entire power consumption of human civilization.

All of the world's energy needs can be met with 1/10,000th of the light from the Sun that falls on Earth each day, according to the inventor Ray Kurzweil

Most of the material was pulled toward the center to form the sun.

Your eyes can get sunburned

The sun has enough nuclear fuel to stay much as it is now for another 5 billion years.

The Sun is 400 times further away from Earth than the Moon is.

A bolt of lightning is 5 times hotter than the surface of the sun.

A huge solar filament snakes around the southwestern horizon of the sun in this full disk photo taken by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory on Nov. 17, 2010.

If the Sun were the size of a beach ball in Space, then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.

The solar interior, from the inside out, is made up of the core, radiative zone and the convective zone.

359 years after the Catholic Church forced Galileo Galilei to recant his theory that the Earth moves around the Sun, it declared he was right in 1992.

The star that's closest to our sun, Proxima Centauri, is still much farther away than Pluto.

The photosphere is the lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere, and emits the light we see

Sunspots are relatively cool, dark features on the sun's surface that are often roughly circular.
Isaac Newton developed a sunlight phobia from staring at the sun.

In 2004, NASA's Genesis spacecraft returned samples of the solar wind to Earth for study.

In 1666, Isaac Newton observed the Sun's light using a prism, and showed it is made up of light of many colors.

 In 2007, NASA's double-spacecraft Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission returned the first three-dimensional images of the sun.

Pluto takes 248 years to orbit the Sun.

One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), which was designed to study the solar wind, as well as the sun's outer layers and interior structure.

The American flags placed on the moon are now white due to radiation from the sun.

The Earth's core is about as hot as the sun.

An enormous eruption of solar material, called a coronal mass ejection, spreading out into space.

The sun rotates as it orbits the center of the Milky Way. Its spin has an axial tilt of 7.25 degrees with respect to the plane of the planets' orbits.

The Sun is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star, Sirius.

Since the sun is not a solid body, different parts of the sun rotate at different rates.

Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast.

At the equator, the sun spins around once about every 25 days, but at its poles the sun rotates once on its axis every 36 Earth days.

Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze in 10 to 35% of people.

The sun has six regions: the core, the radiative zone, and the convective zone in the interior; the visible surface, called the photosphere; the chromosphere; and the outermost region, the corona.

In about 5 billion years, the Sun will deplete its supply of hydrogen and helium, turning into a red giant star, consuming Mercury and Venus and maybe even Earth.

The sun does not have rings.

The sun's surface is blisteringly hot at 10,340℉. while its atmosphere is another 300 times hotter.

The sun itself is not a place conducive to living things, with its hot, energetic mix of gases and plasma.

Earth spins at around 1,000 mph and hurtles through space in its orbit around the sun at about 67,000 mph.

The sun doesn't have any moons; instead, it has planets and their moons, along with asteroids, comets, and other objects.

The volume of space controlled by the sun's magnetic field is called the heliosphere.

The sun doesn't behave the same way all the time. It goes through phases of its own solar cycle.

1942: First observed radio frequency emission from the sun.

1994: Ulysses is the first mission to survey the space environment above and below the poles of our sun.

1946: First rocket observations of the sun (in the ultraviolet).

Top 50 Interesting Facts about Number Zero

Zero was invented in India by Indian mathematicians dating as early as 5th century.

ZERO referenced the entire number system above and below itself serving as pivot of all the number theory we have ever read

Although mathematicians have used zero since at least the 8th century, the word ‘zero’ was first recorded in English only in 1604.

zero is that it roughly takes form of a circle

The first thing to say about zero is that the use of zero is  extremely important .
 cannot divide any no with zero

zero hour the time at which a planned operation, typically a military one, is set to begin.

Zero is sometimes called nought (naught) or nothing or nil or O (pronounced oh).

If there are zero things, there are no things at all. There are none.

In Boolean logic, zero represents False.

The symbol for the number zero is "0".

zero you get two different graphs one going to +infinity and other going to  -infinity so at the same point you get two different values

It is used  as an empty place indicator in our place-value number system

Many believe that aryabhat is the inventor of number zero but it's brahmagupta

The name "zero" derives ultimately from the Arabic sifr which also gives us the word "cipher".

Concept of zero did not appear in number systems for a long time; and even then, the Roman number system had no symbol for zero.

Sometime between the sixth and third centuries b.c.e., zero made its appearance in the Sumerian number system as a slanted double wedge.

Bell peppers are rated zero on the Scoville scale of chilli pepper hotness.

Without a symbol for zero, it becomes very awkward to write large numbers.

The first use of the symbol which we recognise today as the notation for zero "0"  is omicron, the first letter of the Greek word for nothing namely "ouden".

0 is neither positive nor negative.

Multiplying any number b by 0 gives 0

Any number other than zero raised to the power 0 equals 1.

Brahmagupta attempted to give the rules for arithmetic involving zero and negative numbers in the seventh century.

Adding 0 to any number x equals x.

The sum of zero and a negative number is negative, the sum of a positive number and zero is positive, the sum of zero and zero is zero.

The most common meaning of the term zero is the absence of any magnitude or quantity.

A negative number subtracted from zero is positive, a positive number subtracted from zero is negative, zero subtracted from a negative number is negative, zero subtracted from a positive number is positive, zero subtracted from zero is zero.

Zeroes also have other functions.  temperature of zero degrees kelvin (0 K),

The earliest record of the phrase ‘zero tolerance’ was in the New York Times in 1972.

Zero also is used as a placeholder in the Hindu-Arabic numeration system. The zero in the number 405 means that the number contains no tens.

The symbol for zero (0) was not used by early Greek, Roman, Chinese, Egyptian, and other civilizations because they did not need it.

The number zero is neither positive nor negative, neither a prime number nor a composite number, nor it is a unit. It is a even number.

The symbol for zero is believed to have first been used in the fourth century b.c. by an unknown Indian mathematician.

The Indian mathematicians could not bring themselves to the point of admitting that one could not divide by zero.

The zero symbol reached Europe around the twelfth century.

Zero divided by zero has no answer.

the Mayans developed a positional number system using zero. Obviously enough, this didn't influence any European number system.

The number zero is a whole number.

The idea of zero was first thought about in Babylon, India and in Central America at different times.
In time, zero means "now".

The Europeans learned about zero from the Arabs.

The number zero is a neutral number.

Zero is the exact time of the start of the race or when the rocket takes off into the sky.

Brahmagupta attempted to give the rules for arithmetic involving zero and negative numbers in the seventh century.

A zero digit is not always necessary in a different positional number system. Something called bijective numeration is a possible example of a system without zeroes.

In the numeral 10, which stands for one times ten and zero units (or ones).

The nr. zero was invented independently in India and by the Maya.

The Maya invented the number zero for their calendars in the 3rd century AD.

The modern numeral 0 is normally written as a circle or (rounded) rectangle.

The number 0 and the letter O are both round,

Top 50 Interesting Facts about Fred Korematsu

Real name:  Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu

In 2015, Virginia passed legislation to make it the second state to permanently recognize each January 30 as Fred Korematsu Day

Fred Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, in 1919

Children 2 (1 daughter 1 son)

Awards Presidential Medal of Freedom

 Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu, civil rights activist and survivor of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

He attended public schools, participated in the Castlemont High School (Oakland, California) tennis and swim teams, and worked in his family's flower nursery in nearby San Leandro, California.

A son of Japanese immigrant parents, Korematsu was born and raised in Oakland, California.

To commemorate his journey as a civil rights activist, the "Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution" was observed for the first time on January 30, 2011, by the state of California, and first such commemoration for an Asian American in the US

After the U.S. entered WWII, he tried to enlist in the U.S. National Guard and Coast Guard, but was turned away due to his ethnicity.

The Fred T. Korematsu Institute was founded in 2009 to carry on Korematsu's legacy as a civil rights advocate by educating and advocating for civil liberties for all communities.

He was 22 years old and working as a foreman in his hometown when Executive Order 9066 was signed in 1942 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

He encountered racism in high school when an army recruiting officer was handing out recruiting flyers to Korematsu’s non-Japanese friends.

 He was arrested in 1942 and despite the help of organizations like ACLU, his conviction was upheld in the landmark Supreme Court case of Korematsu v. United States.

Korematsu was rejected by the U.S. Navy when called for military duty under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, due to stomach ulcers.

He went in one day to find his timecard missing; his coworkers hastily explained to him that he was Japanese so therefore he was not allowed to work there.

He was fired after one week when his supervisor, who had just returned from an extended vacation, found that there was a "Jap" working at his business.

Korematsu underwent plastic surgery on his eyelids in the unsuccessful hope of passing as a Caucasian, changed his name to Clyde Sarah,and claimed to be of Spanish and Hawaiian heritage

He was held at a jail in San Francisco.

As an unskilled laborer, he was eligible to receive only $12 per month ($175.89 today) for working eight hours per day at the camp.

He was placed in a horse stall with one light bulb, and he later remarked that "jail was better than this.

Korematsu was thus disdained for his opposition to a government order and was seen as a threat in the eyes of the Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans.

When Korematsu’s family was moved to the internment camp in Topaz, Utah, he would later describe feeling isolated because people recognized him and felt that if they talked to him, they would also be seen as troublemakers.

 Korematsu was buried at the Mountain View Cemetery.

The Fred T. Korematsu Institute carries Korematsu's name to continue his work with teachers and community leaders across the country to promote Korematsu's fight for justice and civil liberties.

The freshman campus of San Leandro High School is named Fred T. Korematsu Campus in respect to Korematsu

The Discovery Academy elementary school in Oakland, California, was renamed Fred T. Korematsu Discovery Academy

In 1988, a street in San Jose, California was renamed Korematsu Court

Awards in his name include the American Muslim Voices Korematsu Civil Rights Award

On September 23, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California signed into law a bill that designates January 30 of each year as the Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution, a first for an Asian American in the US

Korematsu subsequently became for many a symbol of principled resistance to government-imposed injustice.

Korematsu agreed to refight the case, and in 1983 his original conviction was overturned.

 In 1982 was approached by legal historian Peter Irons, who had discovered documents supporting Korematsu's case that had been suppressed by government attorneys.

He Was Not Able to Find a Job After High School Because He Was Japanese

He had three brothers. Korematsu attended Castlemont High School in Oakland, where he played tennis and was on the swim team.

Since 2010, Hawaii, Utah, Georgia, Illinois, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Florida have all commemorated "Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution."

Spouse: Kathryn Pearson (m. 1946–2005)

Parents: Kotsui Aoki, Kakusaburo Korematsu

In 1983, Korematsu appealed his conviction. Later that year a federal court in San Francisco overturned the conviction, stating that the government's case at the time had been based on false, misleading, and racially biased information.

 In 1988 Congress passed legislation apologizing for the internments and awarded each survivor $20,000.

He and his family were sent to the the Central Utah War Relocation Center at Topaz, Utah until the end of WWII in 1945.

Fred resided continuously in Oakland from his birth until the time of his arrest.

Fred Korematsu’s conviction was overturned in 1983 after evidence came to light that disputed the necessity of the internment.

 he trained to become a welder in order to contribute his services to the defense effort.

In 1998, President Bill Clinton awarded Korematsu with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country’s most distinguished civilian award.

he worked as a welder at a shipyard.

Fred Korematsu can be remembered fighting for civil rights and against prejudice throughout his life, famously saying:"If you have the feeling that something is wrong, don't be afraid to speak up."

He was convicted of violating a federal order and sentenced to five years of probation.

Died March 30, 2005 (aged 86) Marin County, California, U.S. Cause of death :Respiratory failure

Google show doodle on January 30th, 2017 would have been his 98th birthday and is officially recognized as Fred Korematsu Day in California, Hawaii, Virginia and Florida.

Top 25 Facts about Flora Nwapas

Born: January 13, 1931, Oguta, Nigeria

Flora Nwapa, Nigeria's first published female novelist and Africa's first internationally-acclaimed English-language female writer, held the spotlight for nearly her entire adult life.

She was not only an accomplished author, but a publisher, public servant, and activist.

Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, Port Harcourt and Lagos

She went on to earn a BA degree from University College, Ibadan, in 1957.

She then went to Scotland, where she earned a Diploma in Education from Edinburgh University in 1958.

Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in Calabar as an Education Officer until 1959.

She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, University of Lagos (1962–67)

She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in Enugu, where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971.

Born in Oguta,in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the United Africa Company) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama

From Nwapa's first novel, Efuru, published in 1966, to the establishment of her publishing company, Tana Press, Nwapa demonstrated an unwavering commitment to advancing and highlighting the women of Nigeria.

Additionally, she used her books, and the books she published, to introduce Nigeria’s rich culture to a global audience.

Nwapa served by day in the Nigerian government, becoming the first female Minister of Health and Social Welfare for Nigeria’s former East Central State in 1970.

she worked to reunite children and their parents who were divided as a result of the Biafran War.

she became Minister of Lands, Survey, and Urban Development, a position she held until 1974.

Nwapa, known as the “mother of modern African literature,”

Nwapa's first book, Efuru, was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer

The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,with her first novel Efuru being published in 1966 by Heinemann Educational Books.

she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an Igbo woman's viewpoint.

She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded Tana Press in the 1970s.

Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at New York University, Trinity College, University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, and University of Ilorin.

She said in an interview with Contemporary Authors, "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."

Flora Nwapa died from pneumonia on 16 October 1993 in hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62

Flora Nwapa is the subject of a documentary entitled The House of Nwapa, made by Onyeka Nwelue,that premiered in August 2016

January 13 2017 Google Celebrate Flora Nwapas 86th Birthday with doodle.

Top 50 nokia 6 specifications

The first Nokia smartphone powered by Android

Alternate names Six

Nokia 6 has the TA-1000 model number and its Android security patch level is December 2016.

The rather unimaginatively named Nokia 6 was introduced on Sunday by HMD Global, the new custodians of the Nokia brand.

The Android Nougat version is the initial 7.0 as opposed to the latest 7.1.1 available, but differences really are minor there and they really mostly concern the Google Pixel phones

The phone comes with a 5.50-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080 pixels by 1920 pixels at a PPI of 403 pixels per inch.

The unibody Nokia 6 is built using 6000 series aluminium and its home button has an embedded fingerprint scanner.

The Nokia 6 is powered by octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 processor processor and it comes with 4GB of RAM.

Nokia 6 slip into a sub-flagship space

it sports a 5.5-inch full-HD display wrapped in 2.5D Gorilla Glass.

As far as the cameras are concerned, the Nokia 6 packs a 16-megapixel primary camera on the rear and a 8-megapixel front shooter for selfies.

a play to audio with the mention of Dolby Atmos, and although the Nokia 6 comes equipped with twin amplifiers, we don't see how it could create a Dolby Atmos effect with any great competency.
The Nokia 6 runs Android 7.0 and is powered by a 3000mAh non removable battery.

It packs a f/2.0 16-megapixel rear camera with phase detection auto focus and dual-tone flash, as well as an 8-megapixel f/2.0 front camera for selfies.

It measures 154.00 x 75.80 x 7.85 (height x width x thickness) .

The smartphone is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 SoC alongside 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage.

Nokia 6 is powered by the Snapdragon 430 chipset with an octa-core Cortex-A53, Adreno 505 GPU and an ample 4GB of RAM.

The Nokia 6 is a dual SIM (GSM + CDMA and GSM + CDMA) smartphone that accepts .

It’s built around a 5.5” 1080p screen that has a curved 2.5D Gorilla Glass sheet on top.

Connectivity options include GPS, Bluetooth, 3G and 4G.

Nokia 6 marks the first step for the Nokia brand into Android smartphones with more to come in H1 2017

On the camera side, the Nokia 6 offers a 16MP main snapper with PDAF and reasonably bright F/2.0 lens.

Sensors on the phone include Compass Magnetometer, Proximity sensor, Accelerometer, Ambient light sensor and Gyroscope.

Nokia 6 will debut exclusively through JD.com in China in "early 2017". It will retail for 1,699 CNY or $245.

The Nokia 6 is a dual SIM smartphone that is backed by a 3000mAh non-removable battery.

The smartphone also includes Dolby Atmos tech and ‘dual amplifiers' for louder sound.

The phone packs 64GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 128GB via a microSD card.

Unfortunately for Nokia fans in India, the Nokia 6 is a China-exclusive smartphone that will be available only via JD.com at 1699 CNY (roughly Rs. 16,750) in "in early 2017".

The Nokia 6 will cost 1699 Chinese Yen, or just under £200, when it goes on sale later this year.

However there was no news of when any other countries, including the UK or USA, could expect the new handset.

The phone comes with a 5.5in FullHD Gorilla Glass 2.5D display, and an all-metal body that looks rather smooth and stylish.

It is a dual-SIM smartphone powered by a 3,000mAh battery, which is non-removable.

 On the camera front, there is a 16MP f/2.0 camera with PDAF along with dual-LED Flash.

On the front, there is an 8MP f/2.0 selfie camera.


Nokia has paid attention on the audio front and has provides Dolby Atmos powered dual amplifier speakers.

Nokia 6 is 1699 CNY, which roughly translates to Rs 16,990. There is no word on the availability and price of the Nokia 6 smartphone in India.

The flat sides of the phone with chamfered edges do add a bit of design flair.

It have 3.5mm headphone jack and another antenna band for signal reception

The curved glass on top of the display juts out a little bit in the front.

the speaker, which doubles up with the front earpiece for dual stereo sound with Dolby Atmos support for surround sound.

The volume rocker and power button are on the right, made of metal. The chamfer continues on all sides.

It looks great with the Nokia phones will run on Google's Android platform.

Nokia 6 does curve slightly and at 7.8mm it's not a very chunky phone either.

China will be able to buy the phone online only

the stock Nougat multi-tasking UI and if we go into settings it shows the model number TA-1000 which recently received certification at China's 3C.

Dimensions (mm) 154.00 x 75.80 x 7.85

128 GB via micro SD card the memory can be extended.

Kwalkam 430 Snapdragon processor, the smartphone has been used

Pixels per inch (PPI) 403

The Nokia 6 comes in Black color

Sandford Fleming Google Doodle.Top 30 Facts about Sandford Fleming

Top 30 Facts about Sandford Fleming

FLEMING, Sir SANDFORD, surveyor, draftsman, engineer, office holder, and college chancellor;

Educated first in Kennoway and Kirkcaldy, at age 14 Sandford Fleming became a pupil of the Scottish engineer and surveyor John Sang.

Sandford Fleming was a Canadian engineer and inventor.
He  was a founding member of the Royal Society of Canada and founder of the Royal Canadian Institute, a science organization in Toronto.

In 1827, Fleming was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland to Andrew and Elizabeth Fleming.

At the age of 14 he was apprenticed as a surveyor and in 1845, at the age of 18, he emigrated with his older brother David to colonial Canada.

In 1863 the Canadian government appointed him chief surveyor of the first portion of a proposed railway from Québec City to Halifax and Saint John.

Their route took them through many cities of the Canadian colonies: Quebec City, Montreal, and Kingston, before settling in Peterborough with their cousins two years later in 1847. He qualified as a surveyor in Canada in 1849.

He qualified as a surveyor in Canada in 1849.

In 1849 he created the Royal Canadian Institute with several friends, which was formally incorporated on November 4, 1851.

In 1851 he designed the Threepenny Beaver, the first Canadian postage stamp.

Throughout this time he was fully employed as a surveyor, mostly for the Grand Trunk Railway.

His work for them eventually gained him the position as Chief Engineer of the Northern Railway of Canada in 1855, where he advocated the construction of iron bridges instead of wood for safety reasons.

Fleming served in the 10th Battalion Volunteer Rifles of Canada (later known as the Royal Regiment of Canada) and was appointed to the rank of Captain on January 1, 1862

He retired from the militia in 1865.

As soon as he arrived in Peterborough, Ontario in 1845, Fleming became friendly with the family of his future wife, the Halls, and was attracted to Ann Jane (Jeanie) Hall.

January 1855, Sandford married Ann Jane (Jean) Hall.

The oldest son, Frank Andrew, accompanied Fleming in his great Western expedition of 1872.

After the death of his wife Jeanie in 1888, Fleming's niece Miss Elsie Smith, daughter of Alexander and Lily Smith, of Kingussie, Scotland, presided over his household at "Winterholme" 213 Chapel Street, Ottawa, Ontario.

 Starting as assistant engineer in 1852, Fleming replaced Cumberland in 1855 but was in turn ousted by him in 1862.

In 1862 he placed before the government a plan for a transcontinental railway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans


in 1884 he became a director of the Canadian Pacific Railway and was present as the last spike was driven.

He suggested that standard time zones could be used locally, but they were subordinate to his single world time, which he called Cosmic Time.

In 1880 he served as the vice president of the Ottawa Horticultural Society.

His accomplishments were well known worldwide, and in 1897 he was knighted by Queen Victoria. He was a freemason.

The town of Fleming, Saskatchewan (located on the Canadian Pacific Railway) was named in his honour in 1882

Fleming Hall was built in his honour at Queen's in 1901, and rebuilt after a fire in 1932. It was the home of the university's Electrical Engineering department.

Sir Sanford Fleming elementary school was built in Vancouver in 1913.

Google celebrate Sandford Fleming 190th Birthday with Doodle

Facts about Savitribai Jyotirao Phule

Savitribai Jyotirao Phule, born on 3 January 1831 at Naigaon, Maharashtra, British India

Parents: Khandoji Navse Patil, LaxmiBai

Savitribai Jyotirao Phule was an Indian social reformer and poet.

Along with her husband, Jyotirao Phule, she played an important role in improving women's rights in India during British rule.

Phule along with her husband founded the first women's school at Bhide Wada in Pune in 1848.

she was married to 12-year-old Jyotirao Phule at the age of nine.

She is regarded as an important figure of the Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra.

Her family were wealthy farmers.

She found the treatment of the untouchables problematic and opened a well in her house in 1868 so that, people who were refused drinking water by the upper caste can use it.

Savitribai and her son, Yashwantrao Gupta, opened a clinic to treat those affected by the worldwide Third Pandemic of the bubonic plague when it appeared in the area around Nallasopara in 1897.

Two books of her poems were published posthumously, Kavya Phule (1934) and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar (1982)

In 2015, the University of Pune was renamed as Savitribai Phule Pune University in her honour

Savitribai Phule wrote many poems against discrimination and advised to get educated.

Savitribai Phule is credited with laying the foundation of education opportunities for women in India and played a major role in improving women's rights in the country during the British Raj.

In her honour, the University of Pune was renamed as Savitribai Phule University in 2014.

She died from it on 10 March 1897 while serving a plague patient

January 3 2017 Google India Celebrate her Birthday with Doodle

Facts about Hussein Amin Bicar

Google celebrate Hussein Amin Bicar’s 104th Birthday on January 2 2017

Countries, in which doodle was shown: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates

Hussein Amin Bicar was a renowned Egyptian painter, musician, writer and art educator.

Hussein Amin Ibrahim Bicar was born on 2 January 1913 near Anfoushi in the Mediterranean city of Alexandria, Egypt.


His father died when he was a young child and his mother, recognizing his talent for art, moved them to Cairo and enrolled him in the higher school of arts in Cairo, from which he graduated in 1933

Graduating at the top of his class in 1933, the bright young Bicar had dreams of a brilliant future as a free-lance artist, but the economic depression of the 1930s introduced a harsh reality.


Hussein Bicar believes that the challenge to artists today is to syncretize by being local and international at the same time.

Hussein Amin Bicar was one of Egypt’s most prominent artists of the 20th century

Bicar was known for his kindness, humanity and passion for making art accessible to all.

Bicar taught art in primary and secondary school s until 1942.


Bicar also pursued work as a writer and illustrator.

He wrote and illustrated for many newspapers, magazines and his own children’s books.

After graduating from the Cairo higher school of fine arts in 1934, he spent more than 60 years of his life teaching art at schools and universities and then through the press.

He is credited for initiating a style of journalistic art that elevated illustrating for news papers to a level close to that of the fine art, he is known for his simple and clear style reflecting the influence of Pharaonic art with its harmony, serenity and mystic.

Bicar’s journalistic contributions go beyond illustrations to include art criticism and narrative poetry.

Being the first Egyptian artist to illustrate Arabic children’s books, Bicar has played a major role in establishing and promoting this field.

Bicar was an avid music lover, he could play the lute at the age of eight and by nine was teaching it to young girls and woman society

He was of Turkish extraction and a member of the Bahá'í Faith

In 1952 he was a founding illustrator for "Sinbad," the first Arabic children's magazine.

Over the years, Bicar received a number of awards and decorations

And most recently, the Mubarak prize (Egypt 2000) shortly before his death

Died: November 2002, Cairo, Egypt

His work influenced many subsequent children’s magazines in the Arabic-speaking world.

Bicar was also passionate about music.

He was a talented Bouzouki and Oud player, and played traditional and classic music in several bands.

Google celebrate Hussein Amin Bicar’s 104th Birthday on January 2 2017